Evolución de los pacientes con enfermedad hepática crítica / Prognosis of patients with critical hepatic disease

INTRODUCTION: The acute liver failure on chronic (ACLF), is an entity, whose recognition is increasing. The ACLF and CLIF OF indexes have been recently presented with the objective of predicting mortality in this kind of patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: All patients admitted to the Ramón y Cajal University Hospital diagnosed of acute liver failure on chronic during 2016 and 2017 were collected. We collect the scores: SOFA, CLIF, APACHE II, SAPS II and ACLF score in patients admitted to the ICU by comparing them with each other and define which stages have worse prognosis. RESULTS: A total of 46 patients were collected. The study presents an intra ICU mortality of 31% (15/46) and a six-month mortality of 59.6% (28/46). Patients classified as death, present ACLF values ​​at admission (49.5 vs 60 p = 0.001), and at three days (46.66 vs 59.4 p = 0.001) higher than survivors. In the analysis of the ROC curve, the area under the curve in relation to six-month mortality is higher in the ACLF index (0.8) compared to the MELD (0.69) SOFA (0.66) SAPS II (0.69) or APACHE II (0.65). Patients with ACLF indexes above 65 had an intra UCI mortality of 54%, however, mortality at 6 months is 90%. Patients with ACLF values ​​greater than 65 present mean values ​​of lactic acid, leukocytes, INR or bilirubin higher than those under 65 in a statistically significant manner. CONCLUSIONS: The data presented in this study suggest that the ACLF index works as an adequate predictor of intra-ICU mortality and at 6 months.

INTRODUCCIÓN: El fallo hepático agudo sobre crónico es una entidad cuyo reconocimiento va en aumento. Los índices ACLF y CLIF OF, han sido presentados recientemente con el objetivo de predecir la mortalidad en este tipo de enfermos. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se recogen todos los pacientes ingresados en una unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI) de un hospital terciario universitario, diagnosticados de fallo hepático agudo sobre crónico durante 2016 y 2017. Recogemos los índices SOFA, CLIF, APACHE II, SAPS II Y ACLF en pacientes ingresados en UCI comparándolos entre sí. Definimos que estadios presentan peor pronóstico. RESULTADOS: Se analizan un total de 46 pacientes. El estudio presenta una mortalidad intra-UCI del 31% (15/46) y una mortalidad a los seis meses de 59,6% (28/46). Los pacientes clasificados como éxitus presentan valores ACLF al ingreso (49,5 vs 60 p = 0,001), a los tres días (46,66 vs 59,4 p = 0,001) superiores a los supervivientes. En el análisis de la curva COR, el área bajo la curva en relación a la mortalidad a los seis meses, es superior en el índice ACLF (0,8) en comparación con el MELD (0,69) SOFA (0,66) SAPS II (0,69) o APACHE II (0,65). Los pacientes con índices ACLF superiores a 65 presentaban una mortalidad intra-UCI del 54% sin embargo, la mortalidad a los 6 meses es del 90%. Los pacientes con valores ACLF superiores a 65 presentan a su vez valores medios de láctico, leucocitos, INR o bilirrubina mayores de forma estadísticamente significativa. CONCLUSIONES: Los datos presentados en este estudio sugieren que el índice ACLF funciona como un adecuado predictor de mortalidad intra-UCI y a los 6 meses.

Predictive factors of early graft loss in living donor liver transplantation / Fatores preditivos da perda precoce do enxerto hepático em transplante hepático intervivos

CONTEXT: Living donor liver transplantation has become an alternative to reduce the lack of organ donation. OBJECTIVE: To identify factors predictive of early graft loss in the first 3 months after living donor liver transplantation. METHODS: Seventy-eight adults submitted to living donor liver transplantation were divided into group I with 62 (79.5%) patients with graft survival longer than 3 months, and group II with 16 (20.5%) patients who died and/or showed graft failure within 3 months after liver transplantation. The variables analyzed were gender, age, etiology of liver disease, Child-Pugh classification, model of end-stage liver disease (MELD score), pretransplantation serum sodium level, and graft weight-to-recipient body weight (GRBW) ratio. The GRBW ratio was categorized into < 0.8 and MELD score into >18. The chi-square test, Student t-test and uni- and multivariate analysis were used for the evaluation of risk factors for early graft loss. RESULTS: MELD score <18 (P<0.001) and serum sodium level > 135 mEq/L (P = 0.03) were higher in group II than in group I. In the multivariate analysis MELD scores > 18 (P<0.001) and GRBW ratios < 0.8 (P<0.04) were significant. CONCLUSIONS: MELD scores >18 and GRBW < 0.8 ratios are associated with higher probability of graft failure after living donor liver transplantation.

CONTEXTO: O transplante hepático intervivos constitui alternativa para amenizar a falta de doação de órgãos. OBJETIVO: Identificar os fatores preditivos da perda precoce do enxerto hepático nos 3 primeiros meses após transplante hepático intervivo. MÉTODOS: Setenta e oito adultos submetidos ao transplante de fígado intervivos foram divididos em grupo I com 62 (79,5%) doentes com sobrevivência do enxerto superior a 3 meses, e grupo II com 16 (20,5%) que faleceram e/ou apresentaram falha do enxerto até 3 meses após o transplante hepático. As variáveis analisadas foram: sexo, idade, origem da doença hepática, classificação de Child-Pugh, critério MELD, nível sérico de sódio pré-transplante e relação GRBW. O critério MELD foi categorizado em > 18 e a relação GRBW em < 0,8. Na avaliação dos fatores de risco para perda precoce do enxerto hepático foi utilizada a análise uni e multivariada. RESULTADOS: Critério MELD <18 (P = 0,001) e nível sérico de sódio >135 mEq/L (P = 0,03) foram maiores nos doentes do grupo II. A probabilidade de perda do enxerto no transplante hepático intervivos teve como variáveis independentes o índice MELD > 18 e a relação GRBW< 0,8. CONCLUSÃO: Os valores de MELD >18 e GRBW <0,8 estão associados com maior probabilidade de insucesso no transplante hepático intervivos.

Prognosis of acute fulminant hepatic failure. To assess the causes and prognosis of acute fulminant hepatic failure in patients attending medical Unit I, Ghulam Mohammad Mahar Medical College Hospital, Sukkur

Acute fulminant hepatic failure [ALF] is a medical emergency and associated with high mortality rate. Its etiology shows considerable geographical variations. The viral causes are the most common in our region, [whilst acetaminophen [Paracetamol] induced hepatotoxicity forms the most common precipitant in many developed countries]. To assess the causes and prognosis of acute fulminant hepatic failure in patients attending medical unit I, Ghulam mohammad Mahar Medical college hospital, Sukkur. A cross-sectional study. Medical Unit-I, Ghulam Mohammad Mahar Medical College Hospital, Sukkur. From January 2010 to July 2011. a total one hundred twenty [120] patients of ALF were studied during the study period to evaluate the causes and prognosis. Those patients who were admitted during the study period were included in the study. The selected patients presented with jaundice and hepatic encephalopathy of varying grades. Almost all the cases the causative agents were viruses. Among theses, the hepatitis E virus [HEV] was the top most causative agent followed by hepatitis B virus [HBV] in this study. Despite good effort of conservative treatment, the mortality rate was 77.5%. The mortality rate was higher in grade-III and grade-IV encephalopathy patients, whereas the prognosis is better in grade-1 and grade-II encephalopathy patients

Usefulness and Safety of Extracorporeal Liver Support Therapy Using MARS(R) for Patients with Liver Failure: A Preliminary Report / 대한소화기학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The molecular adsorbent recirculating system (MARS(R)) is a form of artificial extracorporeal liver support and can be used for a bridge to spontaneous recovery of hepatic function or liver transplantation in patients with liver failure. This study evaluated the usefulness of MARS(R) in patients with liver failure. METHODS: Between January 2004 and July 2007, 30 patients (21 males and 7 females; age 48.9+/-12.9 years) with acute or acute-on-chronic liver failure were managed using MARS(R). We assessed laboratory data, the grade of hepatic encephalopathy, Child-Turcotte-Pugh class, and Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score. RESULTS: The number of patients with acute liver failure and acute-on-chronic liver failure was 16 and 14, respectively. The mean cycle of MARS(R) in patients with liver failure was 2.2 sessions. After MARS(R) had been performed, serum total bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), BUN, creatinine, ammonia level, daily urine output, and MELD score were improved (p<0.05). In contrast, MARS(R) failed to improve Child-Turcotte-Pugh score and the grade of hepatic encephalopathy. Liver transplantation was performed in 8 patients. Among them, 5 (62.5%) patients survived and 3 (37.5%) patients died. Twenty two patients underwent MARS(R) without liver transplantation and 4 (18.2%) of them survived. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with liver failure, MARS(R) improved the laboratory data and hepatic and renal function associated clinical characteristics. However, MARS(R) without liver transplantation did not improve survival. MARS(R) may be useful as a bridge therapy to liver transplantation in patients with liver failure.

Marginal grafts increase early mortality in liver transplantation / Enxertos marginais aumentam a mortalidade precoce no transplante de fígado

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Expanded donor criteria (marginal) grafts are an important solution for organ shortage. Nevertheless, they raise an ethical dilemma because they may increase the risk of transplant failure. This study compares the outcomes from marginal and non-marginal graft transplantation in 103 cases of liver transplantation due to chronic hepatic failure. DESIGN AND SETTING: One hundred and three consecutive liver transplantations to treat chronic liver disease performed in the Liver Transplantation Service of Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo between January 2001 and March 2006 were retrospectively analyzed. METHODS: We estimated graft quality according to a validated scoring system. We assessed the pre-transplantation liver disease category using the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD), as low MELD (< 20) or high MELD (> 20). The parameters for marginal and non-marginal graft comparison were the one-week, one-month and one-year recipient survival rates, serum liver enzyme peak, post-transplantation hospital stay and incidence of surgical complications and retransplantation. The significance level was 0.05. RESULTS: There were no differences between the groups regarding post-transplantation hospital stay, serum liver enzyme levels and surgical complications. In contrast, marginal grafts decreased overall recipient survival one month after transplantation. Furthermore, low-MELD recipients of non-marginal grafts showed better one-week and one-month survival than did high-MELD recipients of marginal livers. After the first month, patient survival was comparable in all groups up to one year. CONCLUSION: The use of marginal graft increases early mortality in liver transplantation, particularly among high-MELD recipients.

CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: A utilização de doadores com critérios expandidos (enxertos marginais) é uma importante solução para a carência de órgãos para transplante. No entanto, isto suscita importante dilema ético porque esses órgãos podem aumentar a chance de insucesso do transplante. Este estudo compara os resultados do transplante de órgãos marginais e não-marginais em 103 pacientes portadores de doença hepática crônica. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Cento e três transplantes consecutivos de fígado por doença hepática crônica realizados no Serviço de Transplante de Fígado do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo foram retrospectivamente analisados, compreendendo o período de janeiro de 2001 a março de 2006. MÉTODOS: A qualidade do enxerto foi calculada utilizando sistema de pontuação validado. A doença hepática do receptor também foi classificada em MELD (Model for End-Stage Liver Disease) baixo (< 20) e MELD alto (> 20). Os parâmetros avaliados na comparação entre receptores de órgãos marginais e não-marginais foram: sobrevida do paciente em uma semana, um mês e um ano, pico sérico das enzimas hepatocelulares, dias de internação pós-transplante e incidência de complicações cirúrgicas e retransplantes. O índice de significância foi de 0.05. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença entre os grupos quanto ao tempo de internação pós-transplante, pico sérico das enzimas hepatocelulares e incidência de complicações cirúrgicas. Em contraste, a utilização de enxertos marginais diminuiu a sobrevida global de um mês. Os receptores de enxertos não-marginais com baixo MELD apresentaram melhor sobrevida em uma semana e um mês do que os receptores de enxertos marginais com alto MELD. Após o período de um mês, a taxa de sobrevida foi similar até um ano em todos os grupos. CONCLUSÃO: Em conclusão, o uso de enxerto marginal aumenta mortalidade precoce no transplante de fígado, principalmente nos receptores com alto MELD.

Fatores de risco para a falência do transplante ortotópico de fígado no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil / Risk factors for orthotopic liver transplantation failure in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Fatores de risco para falência do transplante ortotópico de fígado com doador cadáver foram investigados em estudo longitudinal retrospectivo com informações da Central Estadual de Transplantes e prontuário clínico de residentes no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, submetidos, após os 15 anos de idade, pela primeira vez, a esse transplante de janeiro de 1999 a julho de 2003 (n = 313). Houve 13 por cento de falências (n = 41) no primeiro mês, 11 por cento (n = 34) de 2 a 12 meses e 5 por cento (n = 17) após esse período; 88 por cento das falências resultaram em óbito, 12 por cento, em retransplante. Nos modelos multivariados, a taxa de falência foi maior para renda familiar menor que dez salários-mínimos, idade maior que 45 anos, cor não branca, mau estado geral à época do transplante e doador com 56 anos ou mais. Gênero feminino evidenciou efeito apenas no modelo bruto, perdendo o efeito no modelo multivariado. Apoio social, com complementação de renda e pronto diagnóstico com ingresso na lista em boas condições clínicas, pode favorecer o sucesso do transplante hepático.

Risk factors for failure of liver transplantation from cadaveric donors were investigated in this retrospective study using data from medical records of patients in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, who were submitted to liver transplantation for the first time from January 1999 to July 2003 and were over 15 years of age at the time of surgery. Some 13 percent of failures occurred in the first month, 11 percent from 2 to 12 months, and 5 percent after 12 months; 88 percent of failures resulted in death and 12 percent in retransplantation. In the multivariate models, rate ratios for failure were higher for total family income less than 10 times the minimum wage, recipient's age > 45 years, non-whites, high clinical risk, and donor's age > 56 years. Female gender showed an effect in the unadjusted model only. Special attention to patients at increased risk, with income support for those with low family income, and early diagnosis of the need for transplantation may improve the success of liver transplantation.

Factores asociados a mortalidad en cirugía mayor: análisis retrospectivo en un centro de referencia / Mortality associated factor in major surgery: retrospective analysis in a referral center

Background. There are very few studies that analyze surgical morbidity and mortality in the general population and the factors associated with those events. Objective. To determine factors associated to mortality in surgical procedures performed in a tertiary referral center in Mexico City. Methods. We retrospectively analyze surgical mortality in 4,157 consecutive surgical procedures performed in a one-year period from 1/1/2000 through 12/31/2000. Categorical variables were analyzed with the chi-square test and continuous variables with the t-Student test. Significance was defined as p < O.OB. Results. During the study period there were 76 postoperative deaths, representing a mortality rate of 1.82%. Mean patient's age in the entire cohort was 48.7 ± 17.6 years and for the patients who died in the postoperative period 57.8 ± 17.8 years (p < 0.05). Sixty-six percent of deaths were attributed to the primary or surgical disease. In 33.8% of postoperative deaths an adverse event was identified as responsible for the outcome. In 23% of cases there was a potentially preventable event, representing 0.3% of surgical procedures. Most patients (96.9%) had at least one co-morbid condition and 61.5% had two or more. Almost 80% of surgical deaths occurred in patients with ASA score III of TV and albumin levels below 3.5 g/dL. Most common cause of death was sepsis, reported in 35% of patients who died in the postoperative period. Conclusion. Surgical mortality in our series is low. In 0.3% of procedures it was detected a potentially preventable event. Postoperative deaths occurred in older patients with low albumin levels.

Introducción. Existen pocos estudios que analicen la mortalidad quirúrgica general y los factores asociados a la misma. Objetivo. Estudiar las causas y factores asociados a mortalidad quirúrgica en las intervenciones quirúrgicas realizadas en el INCMNSZ. Métodos. Se analizó en forma retrospectiva la mortalidad quirúrgica asociada a 4,157 procedimientos consecutivos realizados del 1/1/2000 al 31/12/2000. Los factores asociados a mortalidad fueron analizados mediante la prueba de chi-cuadrada para variables categóricas y t de Student para variables continuas. Se estableció como significativa a p < 0.05. Resultados. Durante ese periodo ocurrieron 76 muertes postoperatorias, lo que representa una mortalidad global de 1.82% para todos los procedimientos. El promedio de edad para los 4,157 procedimientos fue de 48.7 ± 17.6 años y para las muertes postoperatorias fue de 57.8 ± 17.8 años (p < 0.05). El 66.2% de las muertes se atribuyeron a la enfermedad de base o a la patología que motivó la cirugía. En 33.8% de las muertes se identificó algún evento diferente a la enfermedad primaria como responsable de la muerte. En 23% se identificó algún evento potencialmente prevenible, lo que representa 0.3% del total de eventos quirúrgicos. El 96.9% de los pacientes tenía al menos una comorbilidad y 61.5% cursaba con dos o más. El 78.5% de las muertes sucedió en pacientes ASA III-IV. El 80% de las muertes se asoció a niveles preoperatorios de albúmina por debajo de 3.5 g/dL. La causa de muerte más frecuentemente reportada fue sepsis en 35% de los eventos. Conclusión. La mortalidad postoperatoria en nuestra serie es baja. En 0.3% de los pacientes sometidos a cirugía se detectó algún evento potencialmente prevenible. Las muertes postoperatorias ocurrieron en pacientes más viejos y con niveles bajos de albúmina.

Chronic liver disease related mortality pattern in Northern Pakistan

To describe the mortality pattern pertaining to chronic liver disease [CLD] in Northern Pakistan. Design: descriptive study. Place and Duration of Study: Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, from August 01, 2001 to July 31, 2002. Subjects and Twelve months admission data was reviewed from its computerized data base. All cases pertaining to medical mortality were reviewed. Out of these cases, patients of chronic liver disease were identified and their mode of presentation, severity of illness and etiology of their chronic liver disease were statistically analyzed. There were a total of 8529 admissions in twelve months period from August 2001 to July 2002. There were 283 [3.31%] total deaths. Out of these, 160 deaths were pertaining to medical causes. Out of these medical cases, 33 [20.6%] patients had died of chronic liver disease. Other major causes of death were cerebro-vascular accident [18.7%], malignancy [18.1%] and acute myocardial infarction [10.6%]. Out of 33 patients of CLD, 12 [36%] presented with acute gastrointestinal [GI] bleeding, 9 [27%] presented with ascites and 6[18%] presented with altered mental status due to hepatic encephalopathy. Rest of them had jaundice and fever as their initial presentation. Out of these 33 patients with CLD, 23 [70%] had hepatitis C virus [HCV] as cause of their liver disease, 4 [12%] had hepatitis B virus [HBV] infection, 3 [9%] had both hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus infections and 3 [9%] had no known cause of their chronic liver disease. Chronic liver disease is a major cause of mortality in this part of Pakistan at a tertiary care hospital. HCV infection is the main cause of chronic liver disease followed by either HBV or a combination of these viruses. Major manifestations of CLD have been gastrointestinal bleeding, hepatic failure and portal hypertension